Đáp Án Và Giải Thích Saving Bugs To Find New Drugs | IELTS Reading Practice @ dol.vn - Học Tiếng Anh Tư Duy - Nội dung Free

IELTS Reading Practice Test

Saving bugs to find new drugs

Zoologist Ross Piper looks at the potential of insects in pharmaceutical research

A
A. More drugs than you might think are derived from, or inspired by, compounds found in living things. Looking to nature for the soothing and curing of our ailments is nothing new - we have been doing it for tens of thousands of years. You only have to look at other primates - such as the capuchin monkeys who rub themselves with toxin-oozing millipedes to deter mosquitoes, or the chimpanzees who use noxious forest plants to rid themselves of intestinal parasites - to realise that our ancient ancestors too probably had a basic grasp of medicine.
B
B. Pharmaceutical science and chemistry built on these ancient foundations and perfected the extraction, characterisation, modification and testing of these natural products. Then, for a while, modern pharmaceutical science moved its focus away from nature and into the laboratory, designing chemical compounds from scratch. The main cause of this shift is that although there are plenty of promising chemical compounds in nature, finding them is far from easy. Securing sufficient numbers of the organism in question, isolating and characterising the compounds of interest, and producing large quantities of these compounds are all significant hurdles. 
C
C. Laboratory-based drug discovery has achieved varying levels of success, something which has now prompted the development of new approaches focusing once again on natural products. With the ability to mine genomes for useful compounds, it is now evident that we have barely scratched the surface of nature's molecular diversity. This realisation, together with several looming health crises, such as antibiotic resistance, has put bioprospecting - the search for useful compounds in nature - firmly back on the map.
D
D. Insects are the undisputed masters of the terrestrial domain, where they occupy every possible niche. Consequently, they have a bewildering array of interactions with other organisms, something which has driven the evolution of an enormous range of very interesting compounds for defensive and offensive purposes. Their remarkable diversity exceeds that of every other group of animals on the planet combined. Yet even though insects are far and away the most diverse animals in existence, their potential as sources of therapeutic compounds is yet to be realised.
E
E. From the tiny proportion of insects that have been investigated, several promising compounds have been identified. For example, alloferon, an antimicrobial compound produced by blow fly larvae, is used as an antiviral and antitumor agent in South Korea and Russia. The larvae of a few other insect species are being investigated for the potent antimicrobial compounds they produce. Meanwhile, a compound from the venom of the wasp Polybia paulista has potential in cancer treatment.
F
F. Why is it that insects have received relatively little attention in bioprospecting? Firstly, there are so many insects that, without some manner of targeted approach, investigating this huge variety of species is a daunting task. Secondly, insects are generally very small, and the glands inside them that secrete potentially useful compounds are smaller still. This can make it difficult to obtain sufficient quantities of the compound for subsequent testing. Thirdly, although we consider insects to be everywhere, the reality of this ubiquity is vast numbers of a few extremely common species. Many insect species are infrequently encountered and very difficult to rear in captivity, which, again, can leave us with insufficient material to work with.
G
G. My colleagues and I at Aberystwyth University in the UK have developed an approach in which we use our knowledge of ecology as a guide to target our efforts. The creatures that particularly interest us are the many insects that secrete powerful poison for subduing prey and keeping it fresh for future consumption. There are even more insects that are masters of exploiting filthy habitats, such as faeces and carcasses, where they are regularly challenged by thousands of microorganisms. These insects have many antimicrobial compounds for dealing with pathogenic bacteria and fungi, suggesting that there is certainly potential to find many compounds that can serve as or inspire new antibiotics.
H
H. Although natural history knowledge points us in the right direction, it doesn't solve the problems associated with obtaining useful compounds from insects. Fortunately, it is now possible to snip out the stretches of the insect's DNA that carry the codes for the interesting compounds and insert them into cell lines that allow larger quantities to be produced. And although the road from isolating and characterising compounds with desirable qualities to developing a commercial product is very long and full of pitfalls, the variety of successful animal-derived pharmaceuticals on the market demonstrates there is a precedent here that is worth exploring.
I
I. With every bit of wilderness that disappears, we deprive ourselves of potential medicines. As much as I'd love to help develop a groundbreaking insect-derived medicine, my main motivation for looking at insects in this way is conservation. I sincerely believe that all species, however small and seemingly insignificant, have a right to exist for their own sake. If we can shine a light on the darker recesses of nature's medicine cabinet, exploring the useful chemistry of the most diverse animals on the planet, I believe we can make people think differently about the value of nature.

mention of factors driving a renewed interest in natural medicinal compounds

Paragraph C

how recent technological advances have made insect research easier

Paragraph H

examples of animals which use medicinal substances from nature

Paragraph A

reasons why it is challenging to use insects in drug research

Paragraph F

reference to how interest in drug research may benefit wildlife

Paragraph I

a reason why nature-based medicines fell out of favour for a period

Paragraph B

an example of an insect-derived medicine in use at the moment

Paragraph E

mention of factors driving a renewed interest in natural medicinal compounds

Paragraph C

ĐÁP ÁN & GIẢI THÍCH CÂU 1

Locate

Paraphrasing

Question : mention of factors driving a renewed interest in natural medicinal compounds﻿
So sánh cụm từ trong câu hỏi và bài đọc, ta có:
﻿ factors  =  we have barely scratched the surface of nature's molecular diversity  +  this realisation  +  several looming health crises, such as antibiotic resistance  
﻿ driving a renewed interest in natural medicinal compounds  =  has put bioprospecting - the search for useful compounds in nature - firmly back on the map  

Giải thích chi tiết

﻿﻿ Chiến lược làm bài: 
Đối với dạng Matching Information, chúng ta nên làm CUỐI CÙNG, sau khi hoàn thành các loại câu hỏi khác. 
Bởi vì tại thời điểm này, bạn đã nắm được phần nào bố cục & nội dung của bài văn, từ đó bạn có thể tìm thông tin nhanh hơn và chính xác hơn đó!﻿﻿
---------------------
﻿ Đọc hiểu câu hỏi
Question: mention of factors driving a renewed interest in natural medicinal compounds﻿
=> Đáp án cần phải miêu tả chi tiết một số yếu tố đã thúc đẩy sự quan tâm trở lại đối với các hợp chất thuốc tự nhiên.
---------------------
﻿ Mường tượng thông tin bạn có thể gặp trong bài đọc => Xác định vị trí thông tin liên quan
Một số bạn có thể nhầm tưởng rằng câu trả lời phải sử dụng chính xác cụm từ factors hay drive a renewed interest. Tuy nhiên, điều này là SAI nhé!﻿﻿
Thông tin trong đoạn văn thường KHÔNG sử dụng từ chính xác, mà thay vào đó mô tả CỤ THỂ HƠN thông tin trong câu hỏi. ﻿﻿
=> Một số gợi ý về cách mường tượng thông tin cụ thể trong bài đọc:
factors => weather/ land/ time ...
drive a renewed interest => make the public interested again/ ...
Dựa trên thông tin được đưa ra trong câu hỏi, chúng ta có thể tìm thấy thông tin này được đề cập trong bài đọc: 
This realisation, together with [...], has put bioprospecting - the search for useful compounds in nature - firmly back on the map﻿
---------------------
﻿ Đọc hiểu thông tin liên quan => So sánh meanings để chọn đáp án chính xác
﻿  1    With the ability to mine genomes for useful compounds ,  it is now evident that   we have barely scratched the surface of nature's molecular diversity .
-> Chúng ta mới chỉ mới bắt đầu khám phá được sự đa dạng của các phân tử trong tự nhiên.
﻿  2    This realisation ,  together with several looming health crises, such as antibiotic resistance ,  has put bioprospecting   - the search for useful compounds in nature -   firmly back on the map  
*pattern: put sth on the map = làm cho cái gì đó trở nên nổi tiếng hoặc quan trọng
-> Đưa việc thăm dò sinh học (việc tìm kiếm các hợp chất hữu ích trong tự nhiên) nổi tiếng trở lại trở lại.

-> Dựa trên thông tin trong đoạn đọc và câu hỏi, chúng ta có thể kết luận rằng: 
READING:  The realisation and health crises﻿   has put the search for useful compounds in nature back on the map﻿ .
QUESTION: mention of factors driving a renewed interest in natural medicinal compounds﻿
=> Đáp án chính xác là Paragraph C ﻿﻿

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