Episodic Memory IELTS Listening Answers With Audio, Transcript, And Explanation

Luyện tập đề IELTS Listening Practice với Episodic Memory được lấy từ cuốn sách IELTS Cambridge 13 - Test 2 - Section 4 kèm Answer key, list từ vựng IELTS cần học trong bài đọc và Free PDF & Audio Transcript Download với trải nghiệm thi IELTS trên máy và giải thích đáp án chi tiết bằng Linearthinking

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Episodic Memory IELTS Listening Answers With Audio, Transcript, And Explanation

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Episodic memory
The ability to recall details e.g. the time and 
1
﻿ of past events
Different to semantic memory- the ability to remember general information about the
2
﻿ which does not involve recalling3
﻿ information.
Forming episodic memories involves three steps:
Encoding
Involves receiving and processing information
The more
4
﻿ given to an event the more successfully it can be encoded
To remember a 
5
﻿ it is useful to have a strategy for encoding such information
Consolidation
How memories are strengthened and stored
Most effective when memories can be added to a
6
﻿﻿
The 
7
﻿ of retrieval affects the strength of memories
Retrieval
Memory retrieval often depends on using a prompt e.g. the 
8
﻿ of an object near to the place where you left your car
Episodic memory impairments
These affect people with a wide range of medical conditions
Games which stimulate the
9
﻿ have been found to help people with schizophrenia
Children with autism may have difficulty forming episodic memories – possibly because their concept of the
10
﻿ may be absent
Memory training may help autistic children to develop social skills

❓ Transcript

Episodic Memory

Today, we’ll be continuing the series of lectures on memory by focusing on what is called episodic memory and what can happen if this is not working properly. Episodic memory refers to the memory of an event or ‘episode’.

Episodic memories allow us to mentally travel back in time to an event from the past. Episodic memories include various details about these events, for example, when an event happened and other information such as the location.

To help understand this concept, try to remember the last time you ate dinner at a restaurant. The ability to remember where you at, who you were with and the items you ordered are all features of an episodic memory.

Episodic memory is distinct from another type of memory called semantic memory. This is the type of factual memory that we have in common with everyone else – that is your general knowledge of the world

To build upon a previous example, remembering where you parked your car is an example of episodic memory, but your understanding of what a car is and how an engine works are examples of sematic memory. Unlike episodic memory, semantic memory isn’t dependent on recalling personal experiences.

Episodic memory can be thought of as a process with several different steps of memory processing: encoding, consolidation and retrieval. The initial step is called encoding. This involves the process of receiving and registering information, which is necessary for creating memories of information or events that you experience.

The degree to which you can successfully encode information depends on the level of attention you give to an event while it’s actually happening. Being distracted can make effective encoding very difficult. Encoding of episodic memories is also influenced by how you process the event.

For example, if you were introduced to someone called Charlie, you might make the connection that your uncle has the same name. Future recollection of Charlie’s name is much easier if you have a strategy to help you encode it.

Memory consolidation, the next step in forming an episodic memory, is the process by which memories of encoded information are strengthened, stabilised and stored to facilitate later retrieval. Consolidation is most effective when the information being stored can be linked to an existing network of information.

Consolidation makes it possible for you to store memories for later retrieval indefinitely. Forming strong memories depends on the frequency with which you try to retrieve them. Memories can fade or become harder to retrieve if they aren’t used very often.

The last step in forming episodic memories is called retrieval, which is the conscious recollection of encoded information. Retrieving information from episodic memory depends upon semantic, olfactory, auditory and visual factors.

These help episodic memory retrieval by acting as a prompt. For example, when recalling where you parked your car you may use the colour of a sign close to where you parked. You actually have to mentally travel back to the moment you parked.

There are a wide range of neurological diseases and conditions that can affect episodic memory. These range from Alzheimer’s to schizophrenia to autism. An impairment of episodic memory can have a profound effect on individuals’ lives.

For example, the symptoms of schizophrenia can be reasonably well controlled by medication; however, patients’ episodic memory may still be impaired and so they are often unable to return to university or work.

Recent studies have shown that computer- assisted games designed to keep the brain active can help improve their episodic memory. Episodic memories can help people connect with others, for instance by sharing intimate details about their past; something individuals with autism often have problems with. This may be caused by an absence of a sense of self.

This is essential for the storage of episodic memory, and has been found to be impaired in children with autism. Research has shown that treatments that improve memory may also have a positive impact on children’s social development. One study looked at a …

🔥 Answer key (đáp án và giải thích)

location

Giải thích chi tiết

﻿﻿ Xác định loại từ cần điền là noun đi song song với the time và thuộc về past events
﻿﻿ Sau khi nghe câu đầu tiên thấy " event from the past" 
>> Đáp án đang chuẩn bị vào 
﻿﻿ Sau đó nghe được Episodic memories include details về những events này như là khi sự kiện xảy ra "when an event happened"= the time và những thông tin khác such as location
>> Từ location đi song song với the time trong ví dụ

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