The History Of Weather Forecasting IELTS Listening Answers With Audio, Transcript, And Explanation

Luyện tập đề IELTS Listening Practice với The History Of Weather Forecasting được lấy từ cuốn sách IELTS Cambridge 14 - Test 2 - Section 4 kèm Answer key, list từ vựng IELTS cần học trong bài đọc và Free PDF & Audio Transcript Download với trải nghiệm thi IELTS trên máy và giải thích đáp án chi tiết bằng Linearthinking

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The history of weather forecasting

Ancient cultures
many cultures believed that floods and other disasters were involved in the creation of the world
many cultures invented 
1
﻿ and other ceremonies to make the weather gods friendly
people needed to observe and interpret the sky to ensure their 
2
﻿﻿
around 650 BC, Babylonians started forecasting, using weather phenomena such as 
3
﻿﻿
by 300 BC, the Chinese had a calendar made up of a number of
4
﻿ connected with the weather
Ancient Greeks
a more scientific approach
Aristotle tried to explain the formation of various weather phenomena
Aristotle also described haloes and
5
﻿﻿
Middle Ages
Aristotle’s work considered accurate
many proverbs, e.g. about the significance of the colour of the 
6
﻿, passed on accurate information.
15th-19th centuries
15th century: scientists recognised value of 
7
﻿for the first time
Galileo invented the
8
﻿﻿
Pascal showed relationship between atmospheric pressure and altitude
from the 17th century, scientists could measure atmospheric pressure and temperature
18th century: Franklin identified the movement of
9
﻿.
19th century: data from different locations could be sent to the same place by
10
﻿.

❓ Transcript

The History Of Weather Forecasting

In this series of lectures about the history of weather forecasting, I’ll start by examining its early history – that’ll be the subject of today’s talk.

Ok, so we’ll start by going back thousands of years. Most ancient cultures had weather gods, and weather catastrophes, such as floods, played an important role in many creation myths. Generally, weather was attributed to the whims of the gods, as the wide range of weather gods in various cultures shows.

For instance, there’s the Egyptian sun god Ra, and Thor, the Norse god of thunder and lightning. Many ancient civilisations developed rites such as dances in order to make the weather gods look kindly on them.

But the weather was of daily importance: observing the skies and drawing the correct conclusions from these observations was really important, in fact their survival depended on it. It isn’t known when people first started to observe the skies, but at around 650 BC, the Babylonians produced the first short-range weather forecasts, based on their observations of clouds and other phenomena.

The Chinese also recognised weather patterns, and by 300 BC, astronomers had developed a calendar which divided the year into 24 festivals, each associated with a different weather phenomenon.

The ancient Greeks were the first to develop a more scientific approach to explaining the weather. The work of the philosopher and scientist Aristotle, in the fourth century BC, is especially noteworthy, as his ideas held sway for nearly 2,000 years.

In 340 BC, he wrote a book in which he attempted to account for the formation of rain, clouds, wind and storms. He also described celestial phenomena such as haloes – that is, bright circles of light around the sun, the moon and bright stars – and comets. Many of his observations were surprisingly accurate.

For example, he believed that heat could cause water to evaporate. But he also jumped to quite a few wrong conclusions, such as that winds are breathed out by the Earth. Errors like this were rectified from the Renaissance onwards.

For nearly 2,000 years, Aristotle’s work was accepted as the chief authority on weather theory. Alongside this, though, in the Middle Ages weather observations were passed on in the form of proverbs, such as ‘Red sky at night, shepherd’s delight; red sky in the morning, shepherd’s warning’. Many of these are based on very good observations and are accurate, as contemporary meteorologists have discovered.

For centuries, any attempt to forecast the weather could only be based on personal observation, but in the fifteenth century scientists began to see the need for instruments. Until then, the only ones available were weather vanes – to determine the wind direction – and early versions of rain gauges.

One of the first, invented in the fifteenth century, was a hygrometer, which measured humidity. This was one of many inventions that contributed to the development of weather forecasting.

In 1592, the Italian scientist and inventor Galileo developed the world’s first thermometer. His student Torricelli later invented the barometer, which allowed people to measure atmospheric pressure.

In 1648, the French philosopher Pascal proved that pressure decreases with altitude. This discovery was verified by English astronomer Halley in 1686, and Halley was also the first person to map trade winds.

This increasing ability to measure factors related to weather helped scientists to understand the atmosphere and its processes better, and they started collecting weather observation data systematically.

In the eighteenth century, the scientist and politician Benjamin Franklin carried out work on electricity and lightning in particular, but he was also very interested in weather and studied it throughout most of his life. It was Franklin who discovered that storms generally travel from west to east.

In addition to new meteorological instruments, other developments contributed to our understanding of the atmosphere. People in different locations began to keep records, and in the mid-nineteenth century, the invention of the telegraph made it possible for these records to be collated. This led, by the end of the nineteenth century, to the first weather services.

It was not until the early twentieth century that mathematics and physics became part of meteorology, and we’ll continue from that point next week.

🔥 Answer key (đáp án và giải thích)

dances

Giải thích chi tiết

﻿﻿ Xác định từ cần điền là noun chỉ một hoạt động nào đó được nhiều nền văn hóa phát minh để các vị thần có thiện cảm với họ.
﻿﻿ Sau đó nghe "Generally, weather was attributed to the whims of the gods, as the wide range of weather gods in various cultures shows." 
>> Nói chung, thời tiết được cho là do những ý tưởng bất chợt của các vị thần, cũng như sự đa dạng của các vị thần thời tiết trong các nền văn hóa khác nhau cho thấy
>> Đang nhắc đến ý thứ 2 nhưng chỉ mới nhắc về các vị thần nên sắp nghe thấy đáp án.
﻿﻿ Tiếp tục nghe "Many ancient civilisations developed rites such as dances in order to make the weather gods look kindly on them." 

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