Stonehenge IELTS Reading Answers with Explanation

Luyện tập đề IELTS Reading Practice với passage Stonehenge được lấy từ cuốn sách IELTS Cambridge IELTS Practice Test 18 - Test 2 - Passage 1 với trải nghiệm thi IELTS trên máy và giải thích đáp án chi tiết bằng Linearthinking, kèm list từ vựng IELTS cần học trong bài đọc.

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Stonehenge IELTS Reading Answers with Explanation

📖 Bài đọc (reading passage)

Stonehenge
For centuries, historians and archaeologists have puzzled over the many mysteries of Stonehenge, a prehistoric monument that took an estimated 1,500 years to erect. Located on Salisbury Plain in southern England, it is comprised of roughly 100 massive upright stones placed in a circular layout.

Archaeologists believe England's most iconic prehistoric ruin was built in several stages, with the earliest constructed 5,000 or more years ago. First, Neolithic* Britons used primitive tools, which may have been fashioned out of deer antlers, to dig a massive circular ditch and bank, or henge. Deep pits dating back to that era and located within the circle may have once held a ring of timber posts, according to some scholars.

Several hundred years later, it is thought, Stonehenge’s builders hoisted an estimated 80 bluestones, 43 of which remain today, into standing positions and placed them in either a horseshoe or circular formation. These stones have been traced all the way to the Preseli Hills in Wales, some 300 kilometres from Stonehenge. How, then, did prehistoric builders without sophisticated tools or engineering haul these boulders, which weigh up to four tons, over such a great distance?

According to one long-standing theory among archaeologists, Stonehenge’s builders fashioned sledges and rollers out of tree trunks to lug the bluestones from the Preseli Hills. They then transferred the boulders onto rafts and floated them first along the Welsh coast and then up the River Avon toward Salisbury Plain; alternatively, they may have towed each stone with a fleet of vessels. More recent archaeological hypotheses have them transporting the bluestones with supersized wicker baskets on a combination of ball bearings and long grooved planks, hauled by oxen.

As early as the 1970s, geologists have been adding their voices to the debate over how Stonehenge came into being. Challenging the classic image of industrious builders pushing, carting, rolling or hauling giant stones from faraway Wales, some scientists have suggested that it was glaciers, not humans, that carried the bluestones to Salisbury Plain. Most archaeologists have remained sceptical about this theory, however, wondering how the forces of nature could possibly have delivered the exact number of stones needed to complete the circle.

The third phase of construction took place around 2000 BCE. At this point, sandstone slabs — known as ‘sarsens’ — were arranged into an outer crescent or ring; some were assembled into the iconic three-pieced structures called trilithons that stand tall in the centre of Stonehenge. Some 50 of these stones are now visible on the site, which may once have contained many more. Radiocarbon dating has revealed that work continued at Stonehenge until roughly 1600 BCE, with the bluestones in particular being repositioned multiple times.

But who were the builders of Stonehenge? In the 17th century, archaeologist John Aubrey made the claim that Stonehenge was the work of druids, who had important religious, judicial and political roles in Celtic society. This theory was widely popularized by the antiquarian William Stukeley, who had unearthed primitive graves at the site. Even today, people who identify as modern druids continue to gather at Stonehenge for the summer solstice. However, in the mid-20th century, radiocarbon dating demonstrated that Stonehenge stood more than 1,000 years before the Celts inhabited the region.

Many modern historians and archaeologists now agree that several distinct tribes of people contributed to Stonehenge, each undertaking a different phase of its construction. Bones, tools and other artefacts found on the site seem to support this hypothesis. The first stage was achieved by Neolithic agrarians who were likely to have been indigenous to the British Isles. Later, it is believed, groups with advanced tools and a more communal way of life left their mark on the site. Some believe that they were immigrants from the European continent, while others maintain that they were probably native Britons, descended from the original builders.

If the facts surrounding the architects and construction of Stonehenge remain shadowy at best, the purpose of the striking monument is even more of a mystery. While there is consensus among the majority of modern scholars that Stonehenge once served the function of burial ground, they have yet to determine what other purposes it had.

In the 1960s, the astronomer Gerald Hawkins suggested that the cluster of megalithic stones operated as a form of calendar, with different points corresponding to astrological phenomena such as solstices, equinoxes and eclipses occurring at different times of the year. While his theory has received a considerable amount of attention over the decades, critics maintain that Stonehenge’s builders probably lacked the knowledge necessary to predict such events or that England’s dense cloud cover would have obscured their view of the skies.

More recently, signs of illness and injury in the human remains unearthed at Stonehenge led a group of British archaeologists to speculate that it was considered a place of healing, perhaps because bluestones were thought to have curative powers.

❓ Câu hỏi (questions)

Stonehenge

Construction
Stage 1:
the ditch and henge were dug, possibly using tools made from
1
﻿﻿﻿
﻿
﻿
2
﻿ may have been arranged in deep pits inside the circle
Stage 2:
bluestones from the Preseli Hills were placed in standing position
theories about the transportation of the bluestones:
-  archaeological:
o   builders used
3
﻿ to make sledges and rollers
o  
4
﻿ pulled them on giant baskets
-  geological:
o   they were brought from Wales by
5
﻿﻿
Stage 3:
sandstone slabs were arranged into an outer crescent or ring
Builders
a theory arose in the 17th century that its builders were Celtic
6
﻿﻿
Purpose
many experts agree it has been used as a
7
﻿ site
in the 1960s, it was suggested that it worked as a kind of
8
﻿﻿

During the third phase of construction, sandstone slabs were placed in both the outer areas and the middle of the Stonehenge site.

There is scientific proof that the bluestones stood in the same spot until approximately 1600 BCE.

John Aubrey’s claim about Stonehenge was supported by 20th-century findings.

Objects discovered at Stonehenge seem to indicate that it was constructed by a number of different groups of people.

Criticism of Gerald Hawkins’ theory about Stonehenge has come mainly from other astronomers.

🔥 Answer key (đáp án và giải thích)

deer antlers/antlers

Giải thích chi tiết

🥳 Trước khi đọc cần xác định Word form (loại từ) để luôn "phá đảo" dạng Gap-fill nha DOLBIES ơi!!
﻿﻿ STEP 1: Ứng dụng LINEARTHINKING để phân tích câu hỏi 
QUESTION: the ditch and henge were dug, possibly using tools made from ....................
- "made from" là mệnh đề quan hệ rút gọn mang nghĩa bị động bổ nghĩa cho "tools"
- pattern của "made from" là "made from something" trong đó "something" thường chỉ 1 nguyên liệu, chất liệu gì đó
-> Tóm lại: Câu này sẽ cần điền một Noun để chỉ nguyên liệu làm ra các công cụ được dùng để đào  rãnh﻿  và  bờ﻿ . 

﻿ STEP 2: Locate relevant information
Dựa vào thông tin  Stage 1  và  ditch and henge were dug 
-> Nhanh chóng xác định được vị trí của đáp án rồi nè!! 

﻿ STEP 3: Ứng dụng LINEARTHINKING để đọc hiểu

First,  Neolithic* Britons﻿   used primitive tools﻿ ,  which may have been fashioned out of deer antlers﻿ ,  to dig a massive circular ditch and bank, or henge﻿ .
=> Main idea: Người Neolithic Britons sử dụng công cụ được làm từ  deer antlers  để đào rãnh và bờ. 

﻿ STEP 4: So sánh với thông tin trong câu hỏi
QUESTION: the ditch and henge were dug, possibly using tools made from ....................

 the ditch and henge were dug  =  dig a ... ditch and bank, or henge  
﻿ tools  
 be made from  =  be fashioned out of  
=> Giờ chúng ta đã hiểu trọn vẹn nội dung và tự tin chọn đáp án  DEER ANTLERS  rồi (tuy nhiên bạn nào chọn antlers cũng được chấp nhận nhé)!! ﻿﻿

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